Solved: The nature of pre-colonial native societies

Please choose one question, answer should be between 4-5 pages long, double spaced. Font should be Times 12 points.

Your paper will be evaluated on the basis of how well you have synthesized the lectures with the relevant readings to produce a coherent and well-articulated essay. For this reason, you are expected to make some brief references to the readings. When quoting from the readings, you need only to cite the author’s name and page number in a parenthesis. When quoting from the lecture notes, indicate the date of the lecture also in a parenthesis.

There is no need for footnotes or a bibliography.

Make sure you edit your essay for spelling and grammatical errors.

Choose the most appropriate readings that I provided. No online sources.

  1. Drawing from the lectures and readings, discuss the nature of pre-colonial native societies on the eve of the Spanish conquest. Use the following questions to organize your answer: What kinds of settlement patterns existed? What was the prevailing notion of power, and how did it shape social relations and determine social hierarchy? What was the role of slavery in sustaining pre-colonial society? How were the main activities of trading, raiding and feasting related to produce social power and rank? What was the significance of techniques of bodily appearance and spiritual beliefs in pre-colonial societies?
  2. What was the global context of the Spanish colonization of the Philippines? Again drawing from the lectures and readings, what were the salient features of the colonial economy and how did they function to exploit native resources and labor in order to sustain colonial rule? We also spoke of the importance of the policy of resettlement and the formation of new towns under colonial rule. What did this policy entail and how did it introduce new ideas about race?
  3. Spanish colonialism in the Philippines relied on the work of missionaries to convert native people to Catholicism. Discuss the importance of religious conversion in the conquest and colonization of Philippines. Who were its main agents? What did the work of conversion entail? How and why did so many of the native peoples convert to Catholicism? How did they seek to re-make Catholicism to suit their own needs and priorities?
  4. Between the mid-18th through the 19th century, the Philippine colony went through a series of major transformations. What were the global forces that precipitated these changes? What kinds of economic changes did the Spaniards make in response to these global transformations? How were these developments related to technological innovations and cultural changes of the era? What were the social effects of such changes, especially with regard to the rise of a colonial middle class and the emergence of nationalism by the later 19thc.?
  5. The road to the Revolution of 1896 was in part paved by the Propaganda Movement between the 1880s to 1895. What was this movement about? Who were its main agents? What were their aims? How did they go about trying to accomplish them? With the demise of the Propaganda movement, there arose the revolutionary organization, the Katipunan. What was the nature of this revolutionary society and how was it different from the Propaganda Movement?
  6. The First Philippine Republic in Malolos was paradoxical: it marked both an important accomplishment of the Revolution as well as a decisive turn towards a counter-revolutionary direction. How so? Describe the events leading up to the making of the First Republic. Discuss how the nature of the leadership had the effect of disconnecting the Revolutions’ political and social aspects. How did the republic aggravate existing social and political tensions? Finally, what were some of the legacies of the First Republic?
  7. The Filipino American War was a continuation of the Revolution of 1896.What were the salient events that led up to the growing tensions and eruption of the war between Filipino and US forces? What was the difference between Filipino and American attitudes towards the war? What were the consequences of framing the conflict as a "race war" where the US soldiers were concerned? How did African American troops view the war? Finally, what were some of the short-term and long- term effects of war?

Readings:

 *Reader, William Henry Scott, Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society, 1-34; 54-76; 189-242; 272-276.

 Abinales and Amoroso, State and Society in the Philippines, pp.27-40.

*Reader, John Leddy Phelan, The Hispanization of the Philippines: Spanish Aims and Filipino Responses, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1959, pp.53-89.

*Reader, Vicente L. Rafael, “Confession, Conversion and Reciprocity in Early Tagalog Society,” in Comparative Studies in Society and History, 29.2, 1987.

*Reader, Josep M. Fradera, “The Historical Origins of the Philippine Economy: Survey of Recent Research of the Spanish Colonial Era,” in Australian Economic History Review, 44.3, 2004.

 *Reader, John Schumacher, “Rizal in the Context of 19th century Philippines” from The Making of a Nation: Essays on Nineteenth Century Filipino Nationalism, Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila Univ. Press, 1991, 16-34.

*Reader, Milagros Guerrero and John Schumacher, SJ, “Andres Bonifacio and the Katipunan,” in Kasaysayan: The Story of the Filipino People, 10 v., Manila: Asia Publishing v. 5

*Reader, Guerrero and Schumacher, “The Katipunan Revolution”.

*Reader, Ambeth R. Ocampo, “The Death of Andres Bonifacio,” ibid.

*Reader, Neni Sta. Romana-Cruz, “Women in the Revolution,” ibid.

*Reader, Guerrero and Schumacher, “Surrender at Biak Na Bato,” in Kasaysayan.

 *Reader, Ibid., “The Malolos Republic” ibid.

*Reader, Ibid., “Aguinaldo’s Government” ibid.

Abinales and Amoroso, State and Society in  the Philippines, pp.102-118.

Read: *Reader, Guerrero and Schumacher, “The Filipino-American War”

*Reader, Thomas McCormack, “From Old Empire to New: The Changing Dynamics and Tactics of the American Empire,” in Al McCoy & Franco Scarrano, Crucible of Empire, Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 2009.

*Reader, Walter L. Williams, “United States Indian Policy and the Debate Over Philippine Annexation: Implications for the Origins of American Imperialism,” The Journal of American History, v.66, n.4, March 190, 810-831.

*Reader, Milagros Guerrero, “The Americans Take Over,” in Kasaysayan

*Reader, Steffi San Buenaventura, “The Colors of Manifest Destiny: Filipinos and the American Other(s),” from Amerasia Journal, 24:3, 1998, 1-26.

*Reader, Scot Ngozi-Brown, “African-American Soldiers and Filipinos: Racial Imperialism, Jim Crow and Social Relations,” from The Journal of Negro History, Winter 1997, v.82, n.1, 42-53.

*Reader, Milagros Guerrero, “The Foundations of American Colonial Policy”

Abinales and Amoroso, State and Society in the Philippines, pp.119-133.